Background and Aim: Today several materials have been used for Root- end filling in endodontic surgery. Optimal properties of Pro Root MTA in in-vitro and in-vivo studies have been proven. On the other hand, based on some studies, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA) and Portland cement are similar to Pro Root MTA in physical and biologic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of four Root- end filling materials. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, seventy six extracted single- Rooted human teeth were randomly divided into six groups for Root-end filling with gray Pro Root MTA, white Pro Root MTA, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA), Portland Cement (type I) and positive and negative control groups. Root canals were instrumented using the step- back technique. Root- end filling materials were placed in 3mm ultra sonic retro preparations. Samples and microleakage model system were sterilized in autoclave. The apical 3-4 mm of the Roots were immersed in phenol red with 3% lactose broth culture medium. The coronal access of each specimen was inoculated every 24h with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). Culture media were observed every 24h for color change indicating bacterial contamination for 60 days. Statistical analysis was performed using log- rank test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: At the end of study 50%, 56.25%, 56.25% and 50% of specimens filled with Gray Pro Root MTA, White Pro Root MTA. Root MTA and Portland Cement (type I) had evidence of leakage respectively. The mean leakage time was 37.19±6.29, 36.44±5.81, 37.69±5.97 and 34.81±6.67 days respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant difference among the leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of the four tested Root- end filling materials (P=0.9958). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there were no significant differences in leakage among the four tested groups at 60 days. The results suggest that Root MTA and Portland Cement can be used as less expensive Root filling materials.

IntroductionAmong the nutrients used by the plant for the growth of nitrogen due to its participation in the structure of proteins, amino acids, coenzymes and nucleic acids are the main factors involved in plant growth and fertility. In recent decades, a group of soil bacteria in the rhizosphere has been introduced as plant growth-promoting bacteria that have been able to improve crop growth. In addition to the positive effects on soil properties, these bacteria are economically and environmentally beneficial and a good alternative to chemical fertilizers. Azotobacter and Azpirillum are the most important Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in plants that, in addition to bio-stabilizing nitrogen, produce growth-promoting hormones such as auxin, gibberellin, and cytokines. Modification of Root system architecture by PGPR implicates the production of phytohormones and other signals that lead to enhanced secondary Root branching and development of the Root system. Since accessible water is the main factor limiting growth in rainfed agriculture, so one of the ways to improve nutrition and plant growth is to use PGPR. Therefore, this study was carried out on the role of Azospirillum + Azetobacter on Root traits of new wheat cultivars in Ilam province.Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on Root system criteria in wheat under dryland conditions, a field experiment was carried out as a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm station of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center during 2019-2020 cropping season. Experimental treatments include different wheat cultivars (Sardari, Karim, Koohdasht and Rijaw) and treatment of different fertilizer sources, including control (without fertilizer treatment), 50% urea chemical fertilizer (50% of required), Azospirillum + 50% 50% urea chemical fertilizer (50% of required), Azetobacter + 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum + Azetobacter + 50% urea chemical fertilizer (50% of required) and 100% urea chemical fertilizer (100% of required). Each experimental plot consisted of eight planting rows with a row spacing of 20 cm and a length of 4 m. Nitrogen fertilizer (120 kg.ha-1) was applied at planting and stalking stage based on soil test. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied from triple superphosphate source at the recommended rate of 50 kg.ha-1at planting time. In this study, Root length, Root fresh and dry weight, Root Volume, Root surface, Root diameter, specific Root length, Root length density, Root specific mass, Root tissue density and Root surface area density were evaluated. Experimental data were analyzed using SAS statistical program. Comparison of means were done by Duncan test and graphs were drawn with Excel software. Results and DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the interaction between cultivar × fertilizer sources was significant in Root characteristics of dryland wheat, so that the maximum Root length (115.6 cm), Root Volume (13.3 cm3), Root surface (137.2 cm2), specific Root length (46.9 cm Root length.g-1 DW Root), specific Root mass (0.0045 g of DW Roots.cm-3 soil Volume), Root length density (0.214 cm Root length.cm-3 soil Volume), Root tissue density (32.4 g Root.cm-3 soil Volume) and Root surface area density (127.5 cm2.cm-3) was obtained in Rijo cultivar × Azospirillum + Azetobacter + 50% 50% urea chemical fertilizer (50% of required) compared to control treatment (without fertilizer sources). ConclusionThe results showed that due to the lack of rainfall in most rainfed fields of the province and also due to the positive effect of fertilizer biofertilizer in maintaining soil moisture, improving the physical and chemical quality of soil, to achieve proper grain yield in rainfed conditions of biofertilizer with chemical fertilizer Used nitrogen. In this study, it was observed that in the combined system of biochemical and chemical fertilizers, the Rooting system increases so that the maximum Root length, Root Volume, Root area, Root-specific Volume, Root length density, Root tissue density and Root surface density was observed from Rijaw cultivar × Azospirillum + Azetobacter + 50% N chemical fertilizer.  Bacteria increase plant growth by affecting the plant by improving physiological and biochemical conditions to increase resistance to adverse environmental factors in rainfed agriculture. Therefore, the results of this study can be concluded that in rainfed conditions where the intensity and fluctuations of rainfall are not predictable, having a strong Root system can greatly reduce the harmful effects of water deficit against environmental stresses in the region and cause an acceptable increase in the yield of dryland wheat grain.

Background and Aim: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a material used in many endodontic problems.Recently a number of studies have reported that Portland Cement (PC) and MTA have similar physical, chemical and biologic properties. In addition, a material known as Root MTA which is produced in Iran has been claimed to have similar properties to Pro Root MTA. If these claims are true, possible use of PC and Root MTA in clinic instead of Pro Root MTA will be quite cost effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of Pro Root MTA, Root MTA and Portland Cement on L929 mouse fibroblasts.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 0, 4, 24 hours and 7 days' extracts of materials were transferred to cell culture plates containing L929 fibroblasts. After 24 hours incubation, cells were stained by Neutral Red (NR), and optical density (OD) of each cell was read with ELISA reader. Data were analyzed using Tukey HSD and one way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: In all surveyed groups and negative control group, at all time points separated cells from the base of the well were round. Refraction which is a characteristic of cellular death was not observed, whereas the separated cells from the base of well in positive control group showed refractional characteristic.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study Pro Root MTA, PC and Root MTA have the same biocompatibility. PC seems to have the potential to be used in the same clinical situation as MTA. However in order to replace MTA with these less expensive materials more in vitro and in vivo studies are suggested.

Background and Aim: The goal of endodontics is to seal the Root canal system from the orifice to apical constriction completely and tridimensionally. Hence perforations during Root canal therapy, because of caries or resorptions must be sealed and obturated with ideal materials. The aim of this study was to histologically compare two kinds of mineral trioxide aggregate Root MTA and Pro Root MTA for furcal perforation repair in developed teeth in dog. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty teeth consisting of second, third and fourth mandibular premolars of five German shepherd dogs were selected. Twenty-four teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (6 teeth each). One pair of Root MTA and Pro Root MTA groups studied in one month and the other in three months intervals. Positive and negative control groups was each contained three teeth. In positive control group, perforations were not treated and negative control group contained intact teeth. In experimental groups perforations repaired after one week exposure to oral cavity with Root MTA or Pro Root MTA. After time intervals animals were subjected to vital perfusion and 6 mm histologic sections were prepared. Inflammation and hard tissue formation were ranked by Cox criteria. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square statistical tests with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: There was statistically significant lower inflammation and higher hard tissue formation in three months Root MTA and Pro Root MTA groups compared to one month interval (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in inflammation and hard tissue formation between Root MTA and Pro Root MTA in each intervals (P>0.05). Conclusion: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate is an adequate material for furcal perforation repair in dog’s teeth. Root MTA could be a good substitute for Pro Root MTA considering the lower cost and similar characteristics.

In order to assess the effect of salinity on Root traits and yield of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, using factorial experiment based on complete randomized design with 3 replications. The first factor included sensitive wheat cv. (Tajan) and tolerant cv. (Bam) and the second factor was salinity stress at four levels (6, 8, 10 and 12 dS/ m). In each treatment, 10 days after anthesis, the variation of Root dry weight, shoot dry weight, Root/stem ratio, and Root area and Volume were analyzed. The results showed significant reduction (P≤0.01) in Root dry weight, Root area and Root Volume per plant. Root/shoot dry weight ratio decreased 35.1% and 8.2% in Tajan and Bam cultivars, respectively, at 8 dS/m compared to 6 dS/m. Results revealed that grain yield per plant was affected by Root dry weight, as the highest grain yield was observed in Bam cultivar. Increased grain yield in this cultivar was due to higher Root dry weight. Also, Tajan cultivar had the lowest grain yield and Root dry weight in 12 dS/m treatment. There were positive correlations among Root surface and Volume with Root dry weight and therefore with grain yield. Therefore, based on the parameters studied in this experiment, it can be stated that a large part of the traits associated with sensitivity or tolerance of wheat cultivars to salinity could be attributed to their Roots’ characteristics.

Seed priming is a method which is effective in improving germination and seedling establishment under stress conditions. To investigate the effects of seed priming on emergence and morphological characteristics of Root of three canola cultivars, an experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design in split plot with three replications. Main factors including five sowing dates with an interval of ten days and three canola cultivars and priming treatments including priming with water, zinc sulfate and control as sub plots were arranged in a factorial experiment. Results showed the highest emergence rate was achieved in Okapi by zinc sulfate priming with an average increase of 32 percent in all sowing dates. The most of the fresh and dry weight of three cultivars resulted from the first sowing date, 6 September. Sowing date October 16 under the hydropriming and primed with zinc sulfate increased Root length by 7 and 10 percent in the Okapi, 18 and 23 percent in Zarfam and 32 and 35 percent in Talayeh compared with their controls, respectively. Root Volume of Okapi on September 26, October 6 and 16, increased respectively 38, 61 and 71 percent in hydropriming and 51, 67 and 47 percent by priming with zinc sulfate compared with their control treatments. The highest Root area on 6 and 16 September in all three cultivars was achieved by priming with zinc sulfate. Despite the decrease in Root diameter of delay sowing date, priming treatments could increase Root diameters compared with controls in each sowing date.

Background and Objective: One of the great challenges in dental practice is Root perforation sealing. At present time, there are two therapeutic methods for perforation, filling and surgical removal of affected area. In this in vitro study, we compared the sealing ability of two implanted materials, Iranian domestic Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (Root MTA) and foreign (Pro Root MTA).Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 58 selected maxilary and mandibular molar teeth were assigned into four experimental groups of 13 teeth and 2 groups of three teeth as control. Availability of the cavities was assessed prior to perforating of the furcal areas utilizing a No. 2 round bur. The defects were then filled using foreign MTA (Pro Root) and Iranian MTA. All of the subjects were incubated for 72 hours. In the next step, nail polish was applied in two layers to the surfaces of the teeth, except for the perforation areas and coronal portions which were filled with Amalgam. Once the nail polish dried, they were placed into 2% fuchsine solution for 12 hrs. The teeth were then mesiodistally resected using 72mm disk and evaluated separately by two endodontists using a stereomicroscope with a magnification of x 20. Data were analysied by T-test and ANOVA.Results: Results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding dye leakage (p=0.025). Pro MTA showed a lower leakage compare to Iranian MTA (Root MTA).Conclusion: The quality of Root MTA as a filling material may need to be improved in order to gain enough qualification as an alternative to Pro Root MTA.

Plant Root system has an important role in crop production. It is well known that Roots assist as an anchor to the plant and water and nutrients absorption which are necessary for plant survival and growth. In order to evaluate the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi under different levels of phosphorous chemical fertilizer application, an experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement using a completely randomized design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University in 2015. Experimental factors consisted of two dry land wheat cultivars (Keras Sablan and (Saji) and chemical and biological fertilizers (1-without application of phosphorous, 2-100% phosphorous chemical fertilizer, 3-pseudomonas putida(strain 168), 4-Funeliformis mosseae, 5-P. putida + F. mosseae, 6-P. putida + F. mosseae + 50% of phosphorous chemical fertilizer, 7-P. putida + 50% of phosphorous chemical fertilizer and 8-F. mosseae + 50% of phosphorous chemical fertilizer). Results showed that fertilizer sources had significant and positive effect on Root system in wheat cultivars and seminal Roots number, nodal Roots number, sub-nodal number, seminal Roots length, nodal Roots length and sub-nodal Roots length, Root length density, Root specific density, Root Volume density and Root area density increased significantly. Maximum Root number and Root length (13. 3 and 397. 2 cm), Root length density (0. 75 cm Root/cm-3soil), Root area (150. 3 cm-2), Root Volume density (0. 010 g Root fresh weight) and Root area density (166. 7 cm-2/g) observed in Saji cultivar ×F. mosseae +50 % of phosphorous fertilizer treatment but the minimum Root system characteristics detected in Keras Sablan cultivar× control treatment.

Root morphological and distribution responses of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) to long-term cattle grazing were examined in a tropical pasture in Malaysia. The treatments were no grazing by cattle and grazing at a moderate stocking density (2.7 animal unit/ha) under rotational grazing for 33 years. The method consists of taking soil core using a soil corer to a depth of 30 cm and extracting Roots from cores by hand-washing and subsequent measuring of Root morphological characteristics including length, surface area, average diameter and Volume using WinRhizo Root Scanner. Root length density, mass density, surface area density, and Volume density were calculated as indicators of Root distribution pattern in the soil Volume. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance and independent t-test. Root diameter, length and length density were affected neither by grazing treatment nor the interaction between them (P>0.05). Root diameters in the middle (10-20 cm) and lower (20-30 cm) soil layers of grazed site were 50% and 72% greater than that in the ungrazed site. Root Volume, surface area and their densities were not affected (P>0.05) by grazing and the interaction between grazing and soil depth. Mean Root mass and mass density were affected (P<0.05) by moderate grazing and soil depth, and the interaction between them. Mean Root mass in all soil depths in grazed site was greater than that in the ungrazed site. Long-term rotational moderate grazing has no negative impact on Root variables of signal grass in tropical pasture.

Introduction: Current estimates indicate that 25% of the world agricultural lands are affected by water stress. Iran, with an annual 228 mm of rainfall, is classified as a dry region in the word. Wheat is one of the main cereal crops, cultivated for human feeding. In order to increase crop yield per unit area, largely chemical fertilizers are used. The result of these activities in recent years has been the crisis of environmental pollution, especially water and soil pollution that threatens human society. Phosphorus is one of the limiting elements for crop production. It is essential for energy transfer, photosynthesis and other biochemical and genetic activities of plant. Biofertilizers have been used as source to improve plant nutrients in sustainable agriculture. Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) plays an important role in phosphorus nutrition by enhancing its availability to plants through release from inorganic and organic soils phosphorus pools by solubilizing and mineralization. Mycorrhizal crops often have greater tolerance to drought than nonmycorrhizal crops. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi capable of forming symbiotic associations with most agricultural crops and has potential under such systems due to its higher binding capabilities and mineral nutrition. Therefore, the main of this study was to study the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on Root characteristics and grain yield in dryland wheat cultivars. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out as factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University (46*28' N, 33*37 E; elevation 1174 m) and Sarableh Agricultural Research, Recources Center (34*46 N, 33*45 E; elevation 975 m) during growing season 2013-2014. Experiment factors consisted of two dry land cultivars (Keras Sablan and Saji) and fertilizer sources including of 1: without application of phosphorious chemical fertilizer, 2: 50 kg. ha-1 phosphorous chemical fertilizer, 3: pseudomonas putida (PSB), 4: Glomus mosseae (GM), 5: PSB+GM, 6: PSB+GM+25 kg. ha-1phosphorous chemical fertilizer, 7: PSB+ 25 kg. ha-1 phosphorous chemical fertilizer and 8: GM+25 kg. ha-1phosphorous chemical fertilizer. At flowering stage Root traits such as Root Volume, Root area, Root diameter, Root length density and Root surface area density were studied and measured. At full maturity, agronomic traits such as spikes. m-2, grains. spike-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biomass yield were recorded using a sample of ten random guarded plants from the middle ridges of each plot. The data were analyzed statistically by SAS program and the data means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). Results and Discussion: Results indicated that interaction effect between cultivar× fertilizer sources had significant effect on Root length total, Root Volume, Root area, Root diameter, Root length density, Root surface area density, spike. m-2, grains. spike-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biomass yield. Using fertilizer sources had positive and significant effect on Root traits and grain yield in two dryland wheat under dry land condition, so that Saji cultivar ×GM+25 kg. ha-1 had the highest Root Volume (4. 6 cm3), Root area (70. 9 cm-2), Root length density (0. 158 cm Root length. cm-3 soil), Root surface area density (84. 3 cm2. cm-3), spike. m-2 (257. 5 spikes), grains. spike-1 (42. 7 grains), 1000-grain weight (39. 7 g), grain yield (3571. 6 kg. ha-1) and biomass yield (7840. 6 kg. ha-1) and the lowest Root traits and grain yield belonged to Keras Sabalan×check treatment. There was significant different between cultivars to response of Using of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, so that Saji cultivars had the best response to mycorrhizal fungi. Therefore with regard to cultivation of wheat is facing to drought and heat stress indicated that Saji cultivar and using of mycorrhizal fungi can be the best result under dry land conditions. Conclusions: The results indicated phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and mycorrhizal fungi (GM) had positive effect on Root system and grain yield, so that Root traits and grain yield had the better status in presence of inoculation with GM. In fact PSB and GM could alleviate the partial of grain yield in presence of dry land farming. Recent studies indicated that symbiosis bio-fertilizers also improved soil physical and chemical traits and increaced organic matters content, Root system and P available to coexistent plant.